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Determination of pH using pH meter

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 Determination of pH using pH meter ELECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF pH Many cases indicators are not a good tool for pH measurement. Such situations call for electrometric determination of pH. Its done usually by pH meter. pH meter consists of a glass electrode which when dipped into a solution develops an electrical potential depending upon the hydrogen ion concentration and this potential is read off the display which is calibrated into a pH scale. Electrode Potentials  When a strip of metal (electrode) is dipped into water. It tends to dissolve owing to its solution pressure. P. While the atoms of metal go into solution. they leave behind their loosely bound valence electrons as a negative charge on the electrode. Since the electrode has developed a negative charge. it now attracts the positively charged metal ions which have already gone into solution. Some of the positively charged metal ions might reattach themselves to the negatively charged electrode. The tendency of the atoms
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Glycolysis and Alcohol Fermentation

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  Glycolysis and Alcohol Fermentation When there is oxygen deficiency or prolonged exercise, muscles obtain most of their energy from an anaerobic (without oxygen) process called  glycolysis . Yeast cells obtain energy under anaerobic conditions using a very similar process called  alcoholic fermentation . Glycolysis is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to lactic acid in lactic acid bacteria and very active skeletal muscles. This process makes energy available for cell activity in the form of ATP. Alcoholic fermentation is identical to glycolysis except for the final step.   In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvic acid is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid from glycolysis produces a feeling of tiredness; the products of alcoholic fermentation have been used in baking and brewing. Both alcoholic fermentation and Lactic acid fermentation are anaerobic fermentation processes that begin with the sugar glucose. Glycolysis requires 11 enzymes which degrade glucose to lact
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